Automatic metadata identification

ABSTRACT

A system determines whether text of a document includes a document identifier and uses the document identifier to locate metadata in a database when the text of the document includes the document identifier. The system compares the metadata to the text of the document and associates the metadata with the text of the document when at least some of the metadata matches the text of the document.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

Systems and methods consistent with the principles of the inventionrelate generally to information retrieval and, more particularly, to theidentification of metadata associated with a set of documents.

2. Description of Related Art

Modern computer networks, and in particular, the Internet, have madelarge bodies of information widely and easily available. Free Internetsearch engines, for instance, index many millions of web documents thatare linked to the Internet. A user connected to the Internet can enter asimple search query to quickly locate web documents relevant to thesearch query.

One category of content that is not widely available on the Internet,however, includes the more traditional printed works of authorship, suchas books and magazines. One impediment to making such works digitallyavailable is that it can be difficult to convert printed versions of theworks to digital form. Optical character recognition (OCR), which is theact of using an optical scanning device to generate images of text thatare then converted to characters in a computer readable format (e.g., anASCII file), is a known technique for converting printed text to auseful digital form. OCR systems generally include an optical scannerfor generating images of printed pages and software for analyzing theimages.

It is sometimes useful to associate other information, such ascategorization, title, author, publisher, and publication date, with thescanned documents. Currently, skilled researchers manually enter thisinformation based on examining the original document.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect, a method may include determining whether textof a document includes a document identifier and using the documentidentifier to locate metadata in a database when the text of thedocument includes the document identifier. The method may also includecomparing the metadata to the text of the document and associating themetadata with the text of the document when at least some of themetadata matches the text of the document.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate an embodiment of the inventionand, together with the description, explain the invention. In thedrawings,

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary system in which systems and methodsconsistent with the principles of the invention may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram of a record within the metadata databaseof FIG. 1 according to an implementation consistent with the principlesof the invention;

FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram of the processing system and/or scanningsystem of FIG. 1 according to an implementation consistent with theprinciples of the invention;

FIGS. 4-6 are flowcharts of exemplary processing for identifyingmetadata for and associating the metadata with a document according toan implementation consistent with the principles of the invention;

FIG. 7 is an exemplary diagram of a document copyright page; and

FIG. 8 is an exemplary diagram of a document back cover.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description of the invention refers to theaccompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawingsmay identify the same or similar elements. Also, the following detaileddescription does not limit the invention.

Overview

More and more types of documents are becoming searchable via searchengines. For example, some documents, such as books, magazines, and/orcatalogs, may be scanned and their text recognized via OCR. It isbeneficial to understand more about these documents and make thisadditional information also searchable.

Systems and methods consistent with the principles of the invention mayautomatically identify metadata associated with a document based onbasic metadata (e.g., title, author, publisher, etc.) and create anassociation between the metadata and the scanned and/or text version ofthe document, making both the document and its associated metadatasearchable. Accordingly, through basic metadata corresponding to adocument, various other kinds of additional existing metadatacorresponding to the document may be identified and associated with thedocument.

Exemplary System

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary system 100 in which systems andmethods consistent with the principles of the invention may beimplemented. System 100 may include scanning system 110, processingsystem 120, document database 130, and metadata database 140. Scanningsystem 110 may scan the pages of a document and perform OCR on thescanned pages to recognize the text associated with the document.Scanning system 110 may use conventional techniques for scanning andperforming OCR.

Processing system 120 may store the scanned image and document text indocument database 130. As described in more detail below, processingsystem 120 may identify metadata in metadata database 140 thatcorresponds to the document and link (or otherwise associate) themetadata and the document image and/or text.

Document database 130 may store the image and text associated with adocument. In one implementation, document database 130 may store a linkto the metadata in metadata database 140 that corresponds to thedocument image and text.

Metadata database 140 may store metadata corresponding to documents.Metadata may generally be defined as information obtained separate fromthe scanning process. The metadata associated with a document mayoriginate from a number of sources, such as sources of libraryinformation, a publisher, third party sources, and the Internet. Thesources of library information may provide various information regardinga document, such as a title, a list of authors, a list of editors, apublisher, keywords, a number of pages, a subject classification, apublication date, a Library of Congress cataloging number, a digitalobject identifier (DOI), an International Standard Book Number (ISBN),and/or an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN). Examples ofsources of library information may include libraries and organizations,such as the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) and the ResearchLibraries Group (RLG). A publisher may also provide informationregarding a document, such as the full text of the back cover, theflaps, and/or the table of contents of the document, sales statistics,and/or readership statistics.

Third party sources may provide information regarding a document, suchas a first chapter excerpt or other information regarding a document,possibly including information identified above as being provided by thesources of library information or the publisher. Examples of third partysources include Ingram Book Company, Baker and Taylor, and Dial-A-Book(a company that sells excerpts of first chapters of documents). TheInternet may be another source of information regarding a document.Information gathered from the Internet regarding a document may includeinformation regarding web documents relating to the document or theauthor of the document.

Metadata database 140 may store a document's metadata in a record. Inone implementation, the records of metadata database 140 are arranged toform a relational database. A key in a relational database is a field ora combination of fields that uniquely identify a record or referenceanother record. In one implementation, a document identifier, such as anISBN, ISSN, and/or DOI, may be used as a key to uniquely identify arecord within metadata database 140.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram of a record 200 within metadata database140 according to an implementation consistent with the principles of theinvention. Record 200 may include a number of fields, such as a documentidentifier field 210 and metadata field(s) 220. Document identifierfield 210 may store a document identifier that may (alone or incombination with other types of data) uniquely identify a document.Examples of document identifiers may include ISBNs, ISSNs, and DOIs.

Metadata field(s) 220 may store information, such as the informationprovided by the various sources described above. In some instances, theinformation in metadata field(s) 220 may correspond to a singledocument. In other instances, the information in metadata field(s) 220may correspond to multiple documents (e.g., documents corresponding toconference proceedings or a series of conference proceedings). In theselatter instances, other information, such as a volume number or issuenumber, may be used to identify metadata associated with a particulardocument within record 200.

In an alternate implementation, the document image and/or text may bestored in another location within metadata database 140 and linked toits associated metadata within metadata database 140. In yet anotherimplementation, the actual document image and/or text may be stored inthe same record as its associated metadata. In either of theseimplementations, document database 130 may be unnecessary.

Exemplary Processing System/Scanning System Architecture

FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram of processing system 120 and/or scanningsystem 110 (“system 110/120”) according to an implementation consistentwith the principles of the invention. In this implementation, system110/120 may take the form of a computer. In another implementation,system 110/120 may include a set of cooperating computers.

As shown in FIG. 3, system 110/120 may include a bus 310, a processor320, a main memory 330, a read only memory (ROM) 340, a storage device350, an input device 360, an output device 370, and a communicationinterface 380. Bus 310 may include a path that permits communicationamong the elements of system 110/120.

Processor 320 may include a conventional processor, microprocessor, orprocessing logic that interprets and executes instructions. Main memory330 may include a random access memory (RAM) or another type of dynamicstorage device that stores information and instructions for execution byprocessor 320. ROM 340 may include a conventional ROM device or anothertype of static storage device that stores static information andinstructions for use by processor 320. Storage device 350 may include amagnetic and/or optical recording medium and its corresponding drive.

Input device 360 may include a conventional mechanism that permits anoperator to input information to system 110/120, such as a keyboard, amouse, a pen, voice recognition and/or biometric mechanisms, etc. Outputdevice 370 may include a conventional mechanism that outputs informationto the operator, including a display, a printer, a speaker, etc.Communication interface 380 may include any transceiver-like mechanismthat enables system 110/120 to communicate with other devices and/orsystems.

Exemplary Processing

FIGS. 4-6 are flowcharts of exemplary processing for identifyingmetadata for and associating the metadata with a document according toan implementation consistent with the principles of the invention.Processing may begin with the scanning of a document (act 410) (FIG. 4).Conventional scanning techniques may be used to capture images of thepages of the document. OCR may then be performed on the images of thepages of the document (act 420). Conventional OCR techniques may be usedto recognize the text in the document, characteristics of the text(e.g., font, size, etc.), and where the text lies on the pages based onthe images of the pages of the document. The document images and/or textmay then be stored either in document database 130 or metadata database140 (act 430).

A document identifier (e.g., an ISBN, ISSN, and/or DOI) associated withthe document may be located within the document text (act 440). Thedocument identifier may be located at a couple of different placeswithin the document and the particular places may differ based on thetype of document. For example, the document identifier may be located ona copyright page of the document. FIG. 7 is an exemplary diagram of adocument copyright page. The copyright page typically includesinformation regarding the publisher of the document 710, the title,copyright date, and author of the document 720, a statement of rightsregarding the document 730, a Library of Congress statement 740, an ISBNor ISSN 750, and a location of printing 760. Other copyright pages mightinclude more, fewer, or different pieces of information.

To identify the copyright page of a document, the first several pages ofthe document may be analyzed. In one implementation, the first severalpages of the document may be searched for the presence of a certainkeyword, or keywords, that is indicative of the copyright page, such as“Library of Congress,” “ISBN,” or “ISSN.” Alternatively or additionally,the pages may be searched for other information that is indicative ofthe copyright page, such as the copyright symbol (©), typical phrases ofcopyright statements, a “printed in” clause, or the presence of a date.

Once the copyright page has been identified (with some degree ofcertainty), the document identifier may be identified. An ISBN includesten digits and is usually located shortly after the text “ISBN,” or itsunabbreviated version. An ISSN includes eight digits and is usuallylocated shortly after the text “ISSN,” or its unabbreviated version.Both ISBN and ISSN have built-in check digits that permit a significantpercentage of other numbers of correct length to be easily discardedfrom consideration. Sometimes, the copyright page includes more than oneinstance of the same document identifier (e.g., ISBN or ISSN). This mayassist in getting the correct document identifier in light of possibleOCR errors.

Alternatively or additionally, the document identifier may be locatedwithin a barcode associated with the document, such as on the back coveror inside the front or back cover of the document. FIG. 8 is anexemplary diagram of a document back cover. The document back cover mayinclude, among other things, a barcode 810. Barcode 810 may encodecertain pieces of information, including an ISBN or ISSN. As shown inFIG. 8, barcode 810 encodes the digits 978012345678951099. The “978” mayindicate that this barcode is a bookland barcode; the “0123456789”corresponds to the ISBN; the “5” may represent a country codecorresponding to the United States; and the “1099” may refer to theretail price of $10.99 for the document. In other implementations,barcode 810 may encode more, fewer, or different pieces of information.

In one implementation, the document identifier may be identified fromboth the copyright page and the barcode of the document. The documentidentifiers may then be compared to determine whether they match. Amatch may indicate that the correct document identifier has beenlocated. When they do not match, the document identifier from thebarcode may be used over the document identifier from the copyright pagebecause it is not uncommon for a copyright page to include more than onedocument identifier for different editions, bindings, or versions of thedocument.

If the document identifier has been successfully located (act 450), thenthe document identifier may be used to locate a corresponding record inmetadata database 140 (act 510) (FIG. 5). For example, metadata database140 may be searched to identify a record that includes the documentidentifier as a key. In some instances, additional information, such asa volume number or issue number (either obtained automatically ormanually), may be used to identify the metadata associated with adocument within the identified record. In another implementation, themetadata association may be more complex than linking one existingrecord in metadata database 140 with a document. For example, based ondocument identifiers (e.g., ISSN, ISBN, and series number) parsed fromthe document, several metadata records from metadata database 140 may beidentified and merged into a more complete record for this specificdocument that did not explicitly exist before in metadata database 140and which may be different from simply the union of the records fromwhich it is created.

In one implementation, basic metadata from the record may be compared tothe text of the document to make sure that the correct metadata has beenidentified (act 520). For example, the title of the document with whichthe metadata is associated, the name of the author associated with thisdocument, and/or the name of the publisher associated with thisdocument, as retrieved from metadata database 140, may be respectivelycompared to the possible title, name of the author, and/or name of thepublisher within the document text to determine whether there is amatch.

The title, name of the author, and name of the publisher within thedocument text has been labeled as “possible” because this informationmay be determined to a degree of certainty, though sometimes less thanabsolute certainty due to possible OCR errors, extraction errors, andformatting differences. As mentioned above, the scanning process maydetermine the text in the document, characteristics of the text (e.g.,font, size, etc.), and where the text lies on the page. Based on thisinformation and information about the typical layout of a document,information, such as the title of the document, the name of the author,and the name of the publisher, can be determined.

While the title of the document, the name of the author, and/or the nameof the publisher may be used to match with metadata in metadata database140, more, fewer, or different pieces of information may be used inother implementations consistent with the principles of the invention.For a match to be successful, it may be required that all of the piecesof information match or that some percentage of them match.

If the match is successful (act 530), then the metadata may beassociated with the document image and/or text (act 540). In oneimplementation, the association may include storing a link to themetadata in document database 130. In another implementation, theassociation may include storing the document image and/or text in therecord that contains the metadata (or elsewhere) in metadata database140.

If a comparison of the metadata and the document text results in anunsuccessful match (act 530), then the document may be flagged foradditional processing (act 550). In one implementation, the additionalprocessing might entail manual identification of the document identifieror manual identification of the metadata in metadata database 140 thatcorresponds to the document.

If the document identifier has not been successfully located (act 450)(FIG. 4), such as in the case where the document does not include adocument identifier, then the possible title of the document, name ofthe author, and/or name of the publisher may be identified within thedocument text (act 610) (FIG. 6). As mentioned above, the scanningprocess may determine the text in the document, characteristics of thetext (e.g., font, size, etc.), and where the text lies on the page.Based on this information and information about the typical layout of adocument, information, such as the title of the document, the name ofthe author, and the name of the publisher, can be determined with somedegree of certainty.

The possible title of the document, name of the author, and/or name ofthe publisher may be compared to author names, publisher names, and/ortitles within the metadata in metadata database 140 (act 620). For amatch to be successful, it may be required that all of the pieces ofinformation match or that some percentage of them match.

If the match is successful (act 630), then the metadata may beassociated with the document image and/or text (act 640). As mentionedabove, the association may include storing a link to the metadata indocument database 130. In another implementation, the association mayinclude storing the document image and/or text in the record with themetadata (or elsewhere) in metadata database 140.

If a comparison of the metadata and the document text results in anunsuccessful match (act 630), then the document may be flagged foradditional processing (act 650). In one implementation, the additionalprocessing might entail manual identification of the document identifieror manual identification of the metadata in metadata database 140 thatcorresponds to the document.

Once a document's metadata has been associated with its image and/ortext, all of this information may be available to users for keywordsearching and result presentation and to further processing that can nowbenefit from the availability of structured metadata for the document.

CONCLUSION

Systems and methods consistent with the principles of the invention mayautomatically identify metadata associated with a document and create anassociation between the metadata and the image and/or text version ofthe document, making both the document content and its associatedmetadata available for searching or other processing.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the presentinvention provides illustration and description, but is not intended tobe exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed.Modifications and variations are possible in light of the aboveteachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention.

For example, while series of acts have been described with regard toFIGS. 4-6, the order of the acts may be modified in otherimplementations consistent with the principles of the invention.Further, non-dependent acts may be performed in parallel.

It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that aspects ofthe invention, as described above, may be implemented in many differentforms of software, firmware, and hardware in the implementationsillustrated in the figures. The actual software code or specializedcontrol hardware used to implement aspects consistent with theprinciples of the invention is not limiting of the present invention.Thus, the operation and behavior of the aspects were described withoutreference to the specific software code—it being understood that one ofordinary skill in the art would be able to design software and controlhardware to implement the aspects based on the description herein.

No element, act, or instruction used in the present application shouldbe construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitlydescribed as such. Also, as used herein, the article “a” is intended toinclude one or more items. Where only one item is intended, the term“one” or similar language is used. Further, the phrase “based on” isintended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly statedotherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method performed by a system, the methodcomprising: analyzing, using a processor of the system, pages of adocument to identify a page that includes a document identifier, whereinthe document identifier comprises an International Standard Book Number(ISBN), an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), or a DigitalObject Identifier (DOI), and wherein analyzing the pages of the documentcomprises: identifying a copyright page within the document, reading abarcode at a particular location within the document, locating the ISBN,ISSN, or DOI on the copyright page and within the barcode, determiningwhether the ISBN, ISSN, or DOI on the copyright page matches the ISBN,ISSN, or DOI within the barcode, using the ISBN, ISSN, or DOI as thedocument identifier when the ISBN, ISSN, or DOI on the copyright pagematches the ISBN, ISSN, or DOI within the barcode, and using the ISBN,ISSN, or DOI within the barcode as the document identifier when theISBN, ISSN, or DOI on the copyright page does not match the ISBN, ISSN,or DOI within the barcode; identifying, using the processor, thedocument identifier located at the identified page of the document;locating, using the processor and the document identifier, metadata in adatabase; comparing, using the processor, the metadata to text of thedocument; and associating, using the processor, the metadata with thetext of the document when at least some of the metadata matches the textof the document.
 2. A method performed by a system, the methodcomprising: analyzing, using a processor of the system, pages of adocument to identify a page that includes a document identifier, whereinthe document identifier comprises an International Standard Book Number(ISBN), an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), or a DigitalObject Identifier (DOI); identifying, using the processor, the documentidentifier located at the identified page of the document; locating,using the processor and the document identifier, metadata in a database;comparing, using the processor, the metadata to text of the document;indicating that manual processing is needed when the metadata does notmatch the text of the document; and associating, using the processor,the metadata with the text of the document when at least some of themetadata matches the text of the document.
 3. A method performed by asystem, the method comprising: analyzing, using a processor of thesystem, pages of a document to identify a page that includes a documentidentifier, wherein the document identifier comprises an InternationalStandard Book Number (ISBN), an International Standard Serial Number(ISSN), or a Digital Object Identifier (DOI); identifying, using theprocessor, the document identifier located at the identified page of thedocument; locating, using the processor and the document identifier,metadata in a database; comparing, using the processor, the metadata totext of the document; associating, using the processor, the metadatawith the text of the document when at least some of the metadata matchesthe text of the document; identifying at least one of a title, authorinformation, or publisher information within the text of the documentwhen the pages of the document do not include the document identifier;comparing the at least one of a title, author information, or publisherinformation to a respective one of titles, author information, orpublisher information in the database; and associating other metadatawith the text of the document when the at least one of a title, authorinformation, or publisher information matches a respective one of atitle, author information, or publisher information associated with theother metadata.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: indicatingthat manual processing is needed when the at least one of a title,author information, or publisher information does not match a respectiveone of a title, author information, or publisher information in thedatabase.
 5. A system, comprising: a memory to store metadata asrecords; and a processor to: locate a first document identifier on acopyright page of a document, locate a second document identifier withina barcode of the document, determine whether the first documentidentifier on the copyright page matches the second document identifierwithin the barcode, identify one of the records in the memory based onone of the first document identifier or the second document identifierwhen the first document identifier matches the second documentidentifier, determine whether the metadata in the identified recordmatches text of the document, and associate the metadata in theidentified record with the text of the document when at least some ofthe metadata in the identified record matches the text of the document.6. The system of claim 5, wherein the metadata in the memory originatesfrom at least one of a source of library information, a publisher, theInternet, or a third party source that aggregates information.